In this paper, we argue for an objectivist pluralist interpretation of Hume’s moral philosophy. We begin by approaching the pluralist/relativist distinction in aesthetics. Then we move to ethics, and present some reasons which justify considering Hume a normative pluralist, and, in particular, an objectivist pluralist. Our argument will make use of Hume’s idea that there are foru sources of value, and of his notion of artificial lives/moralities.

En este texto se plantea el análisis de la fisiocracia, el movimiento de economía política dirigido al mundo rural que surgió en Francia a mitad del siglo XVIII. Para ello, se parte de los trabajos y las publicaciones de economistas y de especialistas en historia de la economía, historia del pensamiento económico, y economía política. La bibliografía existente es inabarcable, máxime en el contexto de un artículo, no obstante, en las fuentes analizadas hay ciertas coincidencias a las que nos remitimos. (...) Sin ánimo de exhaustividad, se presenta una aproximación general a la fisiocracia, primera teoría de economía técnico-científica propiamente dicha, que incluye elementos y conceptos que forman parte de la economía como la noción de producto neto, la libertad de comercio (laissez-faire), la tasación, el impuesto único, la inversión del capital, el circuito económico, etc. Además, se destacan algunos de los presupuestos teóricos de la fisiocracia como economía política respecto a las preocupaciones agroecológicas y ecofeministas del presente, concretamente la puesta en valor de la producción primaria y la economía agraria. (shrink)

A widely shared assumption in the literature about skilled motor behavior is that any action that is not blindly automatic and mechanical must be the product of computational processes upon mental representations. To counter this assumption, in this paper we offer a radical embodied (non-representational) account of skilled action that combines ecological psychology and the Deweyan theory of habits. According to our proposal, skilful performance can be understood as composed of sequences of mutually coherent, task-specific perceptual-motor habits. Such habits play (...) a crucial role in simplifying both our exploration of the perceptual environment and our decision-making. However, we argue that what keeps habits situated, precluding them from becoming rote and automatic, are not mental representations but the agent's conscious attention to the affordances of the environment. It is because the agent is not acting on autopilot but constantly searching for new information for affordances that she can control her behavior, adapting previously learned habits to the current circumstances. We defend that our account provides the resources needed to understand how skilled action can be intelligent (flexible, adaptive, context-sensitive) without having any representational cognitive processes built into them. (shrink)

On analyzing the problem that arises whenever the set of maximal elements is large, and a selection is then required (see Peris & Subiza 1998), we realize that logical ways of selecting among maximals violate the classical notion and axioms of rationality. We arrive at the same conclusion if we analyze solutions to the problem of choosing from a tournament (where maximal elements do not necessarily exist). So, in our opinion the notion of rationality must be discussed, not only in (...) the traditional sense of external conditions (Sen 1993), but in terms of the internal information provided by the binary relation. (shrink)

This book is the first monograph fully devoted to analyzing the philosophical aspects of affordances. The concept of affordance, coined and developed in the field of ecological psychology, describes the possibilities for action available in the environment. This work offers a systematic approach to the key philosophical features of affordances, such as their ontological characterization, their relation to normative practices, and the idea of agency that follows from viewing affordances as key objects of perception, while also proposing an innovative philosophical (...) characterization of affordances as dispositional properties. The Philosophy of Affordances analyzes the implications that a proper understanding of affordances has for the philosophy of mind and the cognitive sciences, and aims to intensify the dialogue between philosophy and ecological psychology in which each discipline benefits from the tools and insights of the other. (shrink)

El objetivo principal del estudio es establecer una nueva estrategia docente en el aprendizaje de las habilidades no técnicas en los estudiantes de medicina mediante la simulación en un entorno real. Para ello, utilizamos un escenario real: la Unidad Médica de Aeroevacuación (UMAER) situada en la Base Aérea de Torrejón (Madrid), donde los estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid realizaron la simulación de aerotransporte de pacientes críticos en un entorno bélico real. Los resultados del presente trabajo muestran (...) la eficacia de la simulación en el aprendizaje de las habilidades no técnicas en los estudiantes de medicina. (shrink)

My purpose in this paper is to show the evolution of the relationship between nonmonotonic logic and logic programming. I think that there are two periods in the evolution of this relationship. The first one isthe point of contact between these two fields that had been developed independently. In the second period, as I will show, the motivation to propose three-valued nonmonotonic logic comes from the study of the relationship between these two fields, and not from the study of nonmonotonic (...) logic itself. (shrink)

Filosofoek, ia ahobatez, bi egia moten arteko bereizketa onartu ohi dute. Alde batetik egia beharrezkoak eta egia kontingenteak bereizi eta bereizten dira. Lan honetan aipatutako bereizketaz ari gara, batez ere txanponaren alderdi bat jorratuz, egia beharrezkoak zertan diren aztertuz hain zuzen ere. Irakurleak bereizketaren jarraipen historikoa ere aurkituko du. Horrez gain, hiru testu berri-klasikoen itzulpena burutu dugu: Quineren enpirismoaren bi dogma, Tarskiren egia eta froga eta Kripkeren identitatea eta beharrezkotasuna.

In his last book about Locke’s philosophy, E. J. Lowe claims that Frege’s arguments against the Lockean conception of number are not compelling, while at the same time he painstakingly defines the Lockean conception Lowe himself espouses. The aim of this paper is to show that the textual evidence considered by Lowe may be interpreted in another direction. This alternative reading of Frege’s arguments throws light on Frege’s and Lowe’s different agendas. Moreover, in this paper, the problem of singular sentences (...) of number is presented, and Frege’s and Lowe’s views are confronted with it. (shrink)

Pensar el asunto del deber moral en la ética profesional es el objetivo central de este trabajo, el cual es llevado a cabo, partiendo del análisis y desarrollo de los conceptos que lo fundan como problema filosófico; el concepto de profesión a través de la historia, la deontología como ética profesional y el concepto de deber moral en la praxis profesional, son los tres momentos lógicos que guían este estudio.

Este trabajo consta de tres partes: en un primer momento, partiendo de la definición de “vida” de I. Kant, explicitamos la fundamentación moral del deber de vivir y explicamos el porqué de la censura del suicidio y la eutanasia por parte de Kant. En la segunda parte, desde la fundamentación kantiana de la vida, subrayamos las insuficiencias y contradicciones de determinados planteamientos que, apelando al principio de autonomía, defienden el suicidio y la eutanasia. En una tercera parte, manteniéndonos fieles a (...) la fundamentación kantiana del valor de la vida, exploramos sin embargo la posibilidad de defender la legitimidad del suicidio y la eutanasia.This work has three parts. In the first one, if we use the meaning of life by I.Kant, we explain the moral base of the duty to live and why Kant censures suicide and euthanasia. Secondly, if we use the Kantian moral theory of life we highlight the lacks and contradictions of certain proposals that –referring to the principle of autonomy– defend suicide and euthanasia. In the third part, although following Kant’s approach of the value of life, we explore the possibility of defending the legitimacy of suicide and euthanasia. (shrink)

We defend, from a contractarian perspective, that the fair price of an insurance policy is the amount that the contracting parties agree when they are both equally uncertain about the insured event. Drawing on the approach developed by R. Sugden in _The Community of Advantage_, we answer two standard objections raised against contractarianism in the actuarial sciences: (1) people are not wise enough to assess their actuarial risks; (2) they are not rational enough to decide which insurance policy suits them (...) better. We show under which circumstances people can make fair actuarial agreements, without presupposing any objective risk or rationality benchmarks. (shrink)

ResumenEn este trabajo tratamos de esclarecer en qué sentido Hume es relativista con relación a la ética y a la estética. El sentimentalismo inherente a su ética y estética hace que, desde el punto de vista de algunos intérpretes, Hume sea un relativista radical con respecto a dichos ámbitos. Sin embargo, tanto el innegable sentimentalismo de Hume como su supuesto relativismo requieren un profundo estudio. Nos valdremos del concepto de regla general para analizar las relaciones entre sentimentalismo y relativismo, y (...) finalmente argumentaremos que si bien tiene sentido calificar a Hume como relativista, su relativismo es moderado y sensato.Palabras claveRelativismo, Hume, regla general, Ética, EstéticaAbstractIn this paper we will try to elucidate in what sense Hume is a relativist concerning ethics and aesthetics. According to some interpreters’ views, Hume’s sentimentalism with respect to ethics and aesthetics implies that Hume is what we could call a radical relativist. However, both Hume’s sentimentalism and his alleged relativism need a deep analysis. We will analyze the relationship between sentimentalism and relativism based on the concept of general rule. Finally we will argue that, even though Hume may be labelled as a relativist, his relativism is moderate and sensible.Keywords Relativism, Hume, general rule, Ethics, Aesthetics. (shrink)

In argumentation studies, almost all theoretical proposals are applied, in general, to the analysis and evaluation of argumentative products, but little attention has been paid to the creative process of arguing. Mathematics can be used as a clear example to illustrate some significant theoretical differences between mathematical practice and the products of it, to differentiate the distinct components of the arguments, and to emphasize the need to address the different types of argumentative discourse and argumentative situation in the practice. I (...) consider some issues of recent papers associated with mathematical argumentation in an attempt to contribute to the discussion about the role of arguing in mathematical practice and in the evaluation of the products of this practice. I apply this discussion to learning environments to defend the thesis that argumentative practice should be encouraged when teaching technical subjects to convey a better understanding and to improve thought and creativity. (shrink)

The aim of this paper is to contribute to clarify the meaning of the thesis of the transcendence of the Good (τὸ ἀγαθόν) pointed out in Plato’s Republic. Against some contemporary readings of a Neo-Platonic nature, but also against others that are opposed to these, we propose to interpret the passage by linking the thesis of the transcendence of the Good with the condition of first principle(ἀρχή) and maximum power(δύναμις) that Plato ascribes to the Idea of Good, as well as (...) with his doctrine of the absolute self-sufficiency of the Good. El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a clarificar el sentido de la tesis de la trascendencia del Bien (τὸ ἀγαθόν) apuntada en la República de Platón. Frente a algunas lecturas contemporáneas de corte neoplatónico, pero también frente a algunas otras opuestas a ellas, proponemos interpretar el pasaje vinculando la tesis de la trascendencia del Bien con la condición de primer principio (ἀρχή) y de máxima potencia (δύναμις) que Platón adscribe a la Idea de Bien, así como con su doctrina de la autosuficiencia absoluta del Bien. (shrink)

I consider some uses of citations in academic writing and analyze them as instances of the “appeal to expert opinion” argumentative scheme to show that the critical questions commonly linked to this scheme are difficult to apply. I argue that, by considering citations as special communicative and argumentative situated acts, their use in real practice can be explained more adequately. Adaptation to the audience and to the social constraints is common and necessary in order to collaborate with others and to (...) advance in a discipline, but also to attain rhetorical goals that differ from strictly cognitive ones. (shrink)

El artículo tiene como propósito establecer un diálogo entre las posturas de Kant y Schopenhauer respecto al posible valor ético de la compasión. En síntesis, mi propuesta es que la compasión es una condición necesaria de la ética, pero no suficiente. Una consideración detenida de los argumentos de ambos autores y el examen de dos problemas que surgen de su confrontación permitirá concluir, al menos de modo verosímil, que prescindir de la compasión en la ética es tan desacertado como hacer (...) de ella el único móvil moral. (shrink)

This article questions the reason behind ethics in caregiving services for people with serious intellectual disabilities, the reasons changes have taken place in medicine, in the kinds of illnesses, social changes and changes in how hospitality is envisioned, which lead us to reconsider the usual way of doing things, the traditional morals on which their treatment has been based. However, the traditional ways of dealing with those disabled individuals have also become obsolete and are ethically reproachable: based on charity and (...) beneficence, goodwill and paternalism, if not on ignorance and vulnerability. (shrink)

This paper argues that it is possible to combine enactivism and ecological psychology in a single post-cognitivist research framework if we highlight the common pragmatist assumptions of both approaches. These pragmatist assumptions or starting points are shared by ecological psychology and the enactive approach independently of being historically related to pragmatism, and they are based on the idea of organic coordination, which states that the evolution and development of the cognitive abilities of an organism are explained by appealing to the (...) history of interactions of that organism with its environment. It is argued that the idea of behavioral or organic coordination within the enactive approach gives rise to the sensorimotor abilities of the organism, while the ecological approach emphasizes the coordination at a higher-level between organism and environment through the agent’s exploratory behavior for perceiving affordances. As such, these two different processes of organic coordination can be integrated in a post-cognitivist research framework, which will be based on two levels of analysis: the subpersonal one and the personal one. If this proposal is on the right track, this may be a promising first step for offering a systematized and consistent post-cognitivist approach to cognition that retain the full potential of both enactivism and ecological psychology. (shrink)

Ecological psychology is one of the most influential theories of perception in the embodied, anti-representational, and situated cognitive sciences. However, radical enactivists claim that Gibsonians tend to describe ecological information and its ‘pick up’ in ways that make ecological psychology close to representational theories of perception and cognition. Motivated by worries about the tenability of classical views of informational content and its processing, these authors claim that ecological psychology needs to be “RECtified” so as to explicitly resist representational readings. In (...) this paper, we argue against this call for RECtification. To do so, we offer a detailed analysis of the notion of perceptual information and other related notions such as specificity and meaning, as they are presented in the specialized ecological literature. We defend that these notions, if properly understood, remain free of any representational commitment. Ecological psychology, we conclude, does not need to be RECtified. (shrink)

In academic contexts the appeal to authority is a quite common but seldom tested argument, either because we accept the authority without questioning it, or because we look for alternative experts or reasons to support a different point of view. But, by putting ourselves side by side an already accepted authority, we often rhetorically manoeuvre to displace the burden of the proof to avoid the fear to present our opinions and to allow face saving.

Cinema and Machine Vision unfolds the aesthetic, epistemic, and ideological dimensions of machine-seeing films and television using computers. With its critical-technical approach, this book presents to the reader key new problems that arise as AI becomes integral to visual culture. The book theorises machine vision through a selection of aesthetics, film theory, and applied machine learning research, dispelling widely held assumptions about computer systems designed to watch and make images on our behalf. -/- At its heart, Cinema and Machine Vision (...) is an invitation for film and media scholars to critically engage with AI at a technical level, a prompt for scientists and engineers working with images and cultural data to critically reflect on where their assumptions about vision come from, and a joint recognition of the fruitful problems of working together to understand the algorithmic governance of the visual. (shrink)

En este artículo se analiza la propuesta platónica de «la ciudad sana» o «la ciudad de cerdos». Se trata de mostrar que la exaltación que hace Platón del ideario primitivista es ambigua, pues la seriedad con que se lo toma no está exenta de cierta ironía, y que es compleja, pues sus razones a favor de una vuelta a «una vida primitiva» conviven con poderosos motivos antiprimitivistas en su filosofía. Se propone interpretar el sentido de su propuesta de una imaginaria (...) vida primitiva austera, sencilla y pacífica como una alternativa a algunos de los males de su civilización que mayor descontento le producían. (shrink)

El presente trabajo de investigación nace del objetivo de detectar la formación inicial del alumnado de cuarto curso del Grado de Educación Infantil de la Universidad de Cádiz sobre la coeducación y la inclusión de la perspectiva de género en su formación. Hemos utilizado la metodología cualitativa, concretamente el instrumento ha sido la entrevista semiestructurada. La muestra está compuesta por 40 alumnas y alumnos. Entre los resultados obtenidos más significativos se refleja la escasa formación en materia de coeducación, la falta (...) de inclusión de la perspectiva de género en la formación recibida a lo largo del grado de Educación Infantil. (shrink)

In this paper we explore in what sense we can claim that affordances, the objects of perception for ecological psychology, are related to normativity. First, we offer an account of normativity and provide some examples of how it is understood in the specialized literature. Affordances, we claim, lack correctness criteria and, hence, the possibility of error is not among their necessary conditions. For this reason we will oppose Chemero’s normative theory of affordances. Finally, we will show that there is a (...) way in which taking advantage of affordances could be considered as possessing a normative character, but only when they are evaluated within the framework of social normative standards in particular situations. This reinforces our claim that affordances, per se, lack normativity and can only be taken to be rule-governed in relation to established normative practices. (shrink)